Global Muslim Heritage

WASI AHMAD NOMANI, The first professor of the subject of ‘Quran, Science and Cosmos’

2012-01-28T20:02:00.000-08:00

It was a regular scene. People had become used to it. A frail lady, clutching her young child in her bosom, used to turn up at the doorsteps of the local mosque. She used to pray, “O Allah, you have taken my two daughters, please do not take away this child, he will do your work.” The time passed by. So did that lady. The child passing through numerous ups and downs in life, ultimately, became a leading advocate of the supreme court of India by the name of Wasi Ahmad Nomani.

He became engrossed in his work and forgot what his mother had asked from the Almighty and what had she promised Him. But once on a lazy evening when all family members were sitting and talking about past and the time gone, someone casually mentioned about what his mother used to pray. The old memories which were lying somewhere deep in his mind, resurfaced all of a sudden. He remembered what his mother had told him. He became a little worried and started thinking that what work can he possibly do for Allah. There was none whom he could turn for consultation and guidance. He did what his mother used to do. He prayed to Allah and asked for His guidance in this regard.

Reading Quran has been his old habit. He often reads Quran in his spare time. One day, he was routinely reading the holy book when an ayat caught his eye. The ayat had always been there and he himself had read it several times in the past. But that day was different. That day it seemed as if the ayat was talking to him. The ayat was about the Last Day, and how the world would come to an end.

Mr.Wasi Ahmad Nomani read the ayat again and again. He started searching and reading similar ayats in the holy Quran. He was surprised to learn that there are about a thousand ayats in the holy Quran about the natural phenomena and science. He realized that Allah had answered his and his mother’s prayers. He had found the way. He realized that all such ayats can together form a separate subject of study. He has given a name to this subject and calls it ‘QURAN SCIENCE AND COSMOS’. And he can be called as the first professor of this subject.

He says that if all these ayats are shown and explained to any person he would certainly accept that the Quran is the book of Allah and what thisbook has said is truth and what it has predicted will certainly take place. By his work on this subject, Mr. Nomani is inviting and attracting people towards the way of Allah and is thus working for Allah, as his mother had promised Him.

Mr. Nomani has given more than a hundred lectures on the subject in various parts of India like, Mumbai, Bhiwadi, Gorakhpur, Saharanpur, Azamgarh, Maunath Bhanjan and the NCR. The Zee TV for its Zee Salam channel recorded a 33 part lecture series. The whole series has been telecast twice by this channel. It should be reminded that he is regularly invited by many non – Muslim organizations to speak on the subject of ‘Quran, Science and Cosmos’. The Sai International Organization is one such organization which organized a function specially for Mr. Nomani to speak on the subject.

In September 2010, he delivered a lecture in the Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India, on the subject of ‘Quran, Science and Cosmos’. It is important to note that Nagpur city is the headquarter of the Hindu organization, the Rashtriya Swayam Sewak Sangh (RSS). It was thus obvious that the overwhelming majority of the audience was composed of the Hindus and the people belonging to the RSS ideology. It is also necessary to mention that his hosts in Nagpur were all Hindus. He was also invited by the House of Lords of the United Kingdom to talk on the subject. All this clearly shows that the non Muslims are always ready to listen any logical argument.

In August 2011, he visited Tehran, Iran, to attend the International Quran Exhibition. He delivered a detailed lecture on the subject in a seminar which was held in Tehran on the occasion of the mentioned exhibition. He told the assembled audience that till now a lot of research has been done on Quran. But the aspect which he has chosen to study has so far remained neglected. Muslims, regrettably, did not pay enough and the requisite attention to this dimension of their holy book. Many senior authorities of the Islamic Republic of Iran, who were present in the seminar and listened to his presentation, were deeply impressed. It was announced in the seminar that Iran would establish an institute to perform research on the subject of ‘QURAN, SCIENCE AND COSMOS’.

Profession:
Mr. Nomani is in the legal profession continuously since the year 1977. He initially practiced in the sessions courts of Azamgarh, UP, India, and mainly dealt with the cases involving the criminal law. In the year 1986, he shifted to the supreme court of India where he had the opportunity to deal with the national and international cases and work with several leading advocates like, Mr. A. D. Giri, the former solicitor general of India, and Mr. Kapil Sibbal, the human resources development minister of India. He worked as the counsel in charge for Mr. Narasimha Rao, the former Prime Minister of India, in the well known Lakhu Bhai Pathak case.His team was able to get acquittal for Mr. Rao. Mr. Nomani has dealt with many constitutional, criminal, civil, matrimonial and consumer cases. He also worked under the supervision of the renowned advocate of the supreme court of India, Mr. R. G. Garg, in the famous S. R. Bommai vs Union of India case. In that case the supreme court of India stated in alandmark ruling that secularism is the soul of the constitution of India. Along with Mr. Kapil Sibbal, he also fought the case of the famous Indian film hero, Sanjay Dutt, who has been granted bail in that case. Mr. Nomani also appeared for some time on behalf of Mr. Lalu Prasad Yadav, the Rashtriya Janata Party leader, the former chief minister of the state of Bihar and the former Railways Minister of India.

He also worked for the educational rights of the Muslim minority under the constitution of India. He appeared in a famous case by the name of P. A.Inamdar vs. Union of India. In this case 50% of the seats were reserved for the Muslims in the Muslim run institutions. The honorable supreme court of India observed in its decision that Muslims have the right to run their educational institutions to protect their religion, language and culture.

Background:
Mr. Wasi Ahmad Nomani was born on September 18, 1952 in Madhubani, in Mirzapur district of Bihar, India, to Mr. Abdul Quiyum and Mrs. Haleema Khatoon. His grandfather, Mr. Abdul Hameed was a small land lord of the area. But when Mr. Nomani was born all the land had gone and the family was facing acute financial crisis.

He is the eldest of the four brothers. His younger brother, Mr. Wali Ahmad, is in the hand loom business in Maunath Bhanja, UP, India. His second younger brother, Mr. Ghani Ahmad, is an advocate by profession in the same city. His youngest brother, Mr. Musheer Ahmad is engineer in the IFFCO company and lives in Noida.

The early education of Mr. Nomani was done in the Madrasa Jamia Miftahul Uloom, Maunath Bhanjan, where he learned reciting the holy Quran and became a certified qari. He shifted from Madhubani to Maunath Bhanjan for the purpose of education. The financial condition of his family was very weak and he had to do various odd jobs to continue his education and support the family. Once he served as muezzin and imam in the mosque.

After some time he brought his younger brother Wali Ahmad to Maunath Bhanjan and put him in school. But the young Wali was not much inclined towards academics and started the handloom business which he is still doing. In the meantime the two other younger brothers also were brought to Maunath Bhanjan for education.

The business of Wali Ahmad got established and Wasi Ahmad proceeded towards the Aligarh Muslim University and took admission in the pre University Class (P.U.C.). He completed LLB from the AMU Aligarh in the year 1976- 77 and started practice in law in Maunath Bhanjan from where he shifted to the supreme court of India in the year 1986.

The influence of the AMU on Mr. Nomani:
The Aligarh Muslim University was the place where his latent qualities of writing, speaking and leadership blossomed. In fact it was the AMU Aligarh which shaped and chiseled the raw Nomani in to a fine speaker and public personality. This university instilled in him the manners and confidence to meet and talk leading personalities and authorities.

In the AMU, he won around 50 various prizes in debates and essay writing competitions in Urdu, Hindi and English. He represented the university in the All India Literary and Cultural Festival in the University of Jaipur, Rajasthan. He also represented the university in many debating competitions held in the Banaras Hindu University and the Meerut University. He represented India as leader of the Indian Youth Delegation to the USSR in the year 1977 and won the gold and silver medals for the country. Mr. Nomani was very active in the social activities and served in several social and cultural organizations. He was the Chief Organizer of the National Service Scheme in the AMU Aligarh during the period 1975 – 77.

Joins Congress party in the AMU:
While Mr. Nomani was still studying in the AMU, he entered the national politics and joined the Congress party. He became the General Secretary of the Indian Youth Congress in the AMU Aligarh from 1972-76. He was elected as vice president of the AMU Students Union in 1973-74. During this period he was very close to Mr. Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna, the Congress chief minister of the state of Uttar Pradesh of India.

He was the All India General Secretary of the Indian Youth Congress from 1973 – 75 and the General Secretary of the District Congress Committee, Maunath Bhanjan from 1978 to 1986. He was given ticket for the UP assembly election by Rajiv Gandhi in 1985. Though he could not win the election, but was always close to Rajiv Gandhi.He was the convener of the Youth Wing (Minority cell) of the All India Congress Committee from 1974 – 1975. He was arrested and sent to the jail of Azamgarh along with his 50 Congress party colleagues in protest to the illegal arrest of Mrs. Indira Gandhi in 1977. He was later appointed the Joint Secretary of All India Congress Committee (Legal Cell).

India Islamic Culture Centre:
Mr. Wasi Ahmad Nomani has been associated with the India Islamic Culture Centre for a long time. He was first elected as its General Secretary in the year 2003 and has since been deeply involved in its day to day activities and daily spends a considerable time there.

Mr. Nomani said about the Centre, “There are many organizations in the country working for the welfare of the Muslims. But the India Islamic Culture Centre has got its special tone and method to address the issues related to the peace and national development by actually participating in the progress of the nation. The main objective of the India Islamic Culture Centre is to create an atmosphere of unity, brotherhood and solidarity in the country. Its another important objective is to spread the teachings of Islam by removing the alleged misunderstandings about it. The IICC regularly organizes national and international seminars and symposia on various issues. It regularly organizes functions with the participation of the national and international religious and other scholars.”

His views on various issues:
He thinks that peace, development, unity and corruption are the main issues which should be paid attention to in India. If corruption is to be eradicated, the civil servants, politicians and social workers must be more responsible, dedicated and cooperative.

About the various anti corruption movements which are currently going on in the country, Mr. Nomani thinks that the people leading such movements must take every citizen of the country with them. About participation of the Muslims in such movements, he thinks that they must join the movement which is proved to be based on national spirit. He thinks that there must be some law to hold the prime minister, the chief justice and the auditor general of India responsible.

Mr. Wasi Ahmad Nomani had joined the Congress party in his student life. His parents and forefathers participated in the Indian national movement. They supported Mahatma Gandhi and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. He thinks that the Congress party needs a complete overhaul. This party has lost its roots because of not following the spirit which prevailed during the independence movement of the country. He thinks that those who opposed and criticized the policies of the Congress in the past are now given posts and positions in it. He thinks that such an attitude has damaged the party.
About the Indian Muslims, Mr. Nomani thinks, “The safety of life and property of the Muslims is the most important issue to be addressed without any delay. The Muslim community should be placed in a position so that they are able to share the power of governance positively. Their meaningful participation in the governance will eradicate even the corruption and dishonesty.”

About the pending cases in the Indian courts, Mr. Nomani said, “As a student of law, I have always believed, practiced and also written articles on the issue of the justice delayed. India is the country of villages, where about 80% of the people of the country live. Therefore, the cases are mostly prevalent in the villages because of illiteracy and ignorance about law. The present system of the delivery of justice is not sufficient in view of the actual requirement of the justice delivery system. Therefore, the powers of the judicial system must be decentralized. The courts, the lawyers and the judges should either be concentrated in the villages or the village panchyats should be given powers equal to the judicial magistrates and the munsif magistrates. The new advocates must be given responsibility to serve in the village Nyaya Panchayats before giving them license to practice in law. The senior advocates of the district courts, high courts and the supreme court must be given responsibility to guide the concerned Nyaya Panchayats of their area during the summer vacations or in any particular period of the year. This would fulfill the long felt need of bringing justice to the doors of the villages.

Thus the separation of the judicial powers will surely reduce the burden of the pending cases in the district courts, the high courts and the supreme court. The justice will be delivered in the true sense as the complainants and the accused are well known to each other in the villages. This will help in the delivery of justice. Mobile courts also should be established.” It should be mentioned that Mr. Nomani has written extensively on the question of village panchayats.

Writings:
Mr. Nomani has been a prolific writer and has written more than a hundred articles on various legal, political and social issues which have been published in leading Hindi, English and Urdu national dailies and periodicals of India.

Current activities:
For some time he has distanced himself from the active politics and has confined himself to just three activities: His legal practice in the supreme court, his social work in the India Islamic Cultural Centre and studying the subject of ‘Quran, Science and Cosmos’. He has been member of the Executive Committee of the Legal Cell of the Supreme Court of India from 1997 – 2008 and has been the General Secretary of the India Islamic Cultural Centre since the year 2003. He studies the subject of ‘Quran, Science and Cosmos’ usually in the stillness of the night. When everybody sleeps, he studies the ayats of the holy Quran.

Marriage:
Mr. Wasi Ahmad Nomani is married to a very talented lady, Dr. Naseema Nomani, a clinical psychologist by profession. She did M.Phil in Clinical Psychology from the Central Institute of Psychology, Ranchi, in 1990. She has served as Clinical Psychologist in various hospitals including the VIMHANS and the AIIMS in New Delhi, India. Currently, she is working as Senior Consultant Clinical Psychologist in the Kailash Hospitals and Research Centre, Noida, UP, India. She knows six languages of English, Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, Bhojpuri and Arabic. And she is a very good cook.

AJLAL AHMED KHAN BURNEY ADVOCATE

2011-09-12T18:44:00.000-07:00

Mr Ajlal Ahmed Khan Burney, an advocate by profession, is a popular personality of Noida, UP, India, and is well known in all social circles of the city. A senior advocate, who has been practicing law since 1979, shifted to Noida from Buland Shahar in UP in the year 1991.

Views

Mr. Burney has clear views about the problems faced by India. He thinks that corruption is the root cause of all problems of India and this demon is eating in to the vitals of this country.

Corruption should be fought at two levels

He thinks that the corruption will have to be fought at the two levels of law and society. Being a practicing advocate, who knows the intricacies of the law and how the legal system works in the country, he is of the firm opinion that corruption can be fought by reforming the current system of dispensing justice.

Three drawbacks

The justice system, in his opinion, has three main drawbacks. One, there are inordinate delays, two, there is no system of accountability of litigants and, three, the present system is not in favor of the poor and the weak.

Delay in dispensing justice

Justice delayed is justice denied is the old proverb. But this has become a fact of life in our country. Cases are not decided for many years. Hundreds of thousands of cases are piling in the courts all over the country. One reason of the delays, he says, is that the number of judges in the courts is not sufficient and all the judges are over burdened. But this is not the only reason of lingering on of the court cases. There are certain laws which are the cause of delay. If these laws are suitably amended problem can be tackled to a large extent. For example, many litigants, who have an interest in the case being delayed, adopt various pretexts to prolong the court proceedings. This is only one example. We should thoroughly study that which laws and rules cause delays.

The accountability of the litigants

The second issue is more important in his opinion. Currently, there is no accountability of the litigants. People file suits and lodge complaints just to harass someone. Many do it simply out of habit. Sometime the complainant forgets that he did file a complaint against somebody. Many a times the complainant just disappears but the court case lingers on. Mr. Burney in this regards thinks that the party loosing the case, whether plaintiff or the defendant, should bear the whole and actual cost of the case. The aggrieved party should be compensated for all the monetary, psychological, social and other losses he/she had to bear because of the court case.

Mr. Ajlal thinks that even the government becomes a victim. For example, somebody files a false suit against another person. The court has to consider that case. The whole judicial machinery of the government is involved in deciding that case and the government has to bear great expenses in dispensing the justice. What happens now is that the loosing party is asked to pay very minimum costs. This cost is calculated only on the basis of the court fee paid and the tickets affixed on the documents. But this is very negligible cost. The main cost is related to the time consumed in being present in the court. Moreover, nothing is paid to the government. The amount of court fee and the tickets which is paid to the government is nothing in comparison to the cost which the government has to bear.

Mr. Ajlal Burney in this regard says that both the government and the innocent party should be paid the whole and the actual cost. Moreover, if a person is wrongly detained, he should be thoroughly compensated. He points out that presently sometimes many persons are detained by the police on various charges which are later proved to be false. The court simply releases the arrested person. The innocent person thus arrested should be compensated for the loss of work and social prestige, he adds.

If these things are done, Mr. Ajlal points out, the number of false and wrong cases will be drastically reduced, the number of cases piling up in the courts will come down and the government will have more funds to appoint more judges and as a result the whole justice system of India will be streamlined.

Mr. Burney thinks that the judiciary of India is second to none and there are enough laws in the country to tackle any problem of bribe and corruption. The only need is the accountability of the litigants. He says, “the wrong doer must bear the whole and actual cost borne by the government and the aggrieved party.” This will greatly help the law and order situation in the country as it will also tackle the problem of wrongful detention of the innocent people by the police, he adds.

The system is not in favor of the poor

Because there is no accountability of the litigants and the aggrieved parties are not compensated and court cases linger on for a long time, the system ultimately is not in favor of the poor. The poor do not have money to defend themselves. They are also not compensated at the end of the case. Sometimes a poor person is implicated in a wrong case. The case goes on and on. His whole family is disturbed and in some cases completely destroyed and the court after many years declares his innocence. Innocent he was from the beginning. So what did the poor get in the end? The ideal situation, according to Mr. Burney, is that the poor person should be thoroughly compensated for his monetary, social and psychological and other losses and this loss should be taken form the person whom had implicated the aggrieved person.

The society must be reformed

The second issue, in the opinion of Mr. Burney, is that the members of the society should be trained in their duties. The main problem, he thinks, is that people are not ready to come forward to give witness. People are, in fact, afraid to give witness. Moreover, the members of the society should decide not to pay and receive bribe. Until and unless a social reform movement is not undertaken and the morals of the people are not reformed no reform is possible and launching movements will not suffice. The movements, he said, can dethrone governments but can not change the system. The system will only change when suitable laws are made and the society is reformed simultaneously. Both these things should be done simultaneously.

The Anna Hazare’s movement

When asked about the movement recently launched by Mr. Anna Hazare, he said that only if people pledge not to take bribe can some reform take place. He appreciated Anna that on the last day of the movement he administered an oath to the people present in the Ram Lila Maidan in New Delhi not to take bribe. “This is what should be done”, he said.

The cause of insufficient participation of Muslims in Anna Hazare’s movement

About the insufficient level of participation of Muslims in the Anna Hazare movement, he pointed out two main reasons. One was Ramazan. The Muslims only concentrate on prayers during the holy month of Ramazan and do not pay heed to anything else, he said. The second thing, he pointed out that there was a doubt that the Rashtriya Swayam Sewak Sangh (RSS), the rightist Hindu fundamentalist organization, was behind the whole movement. This doubt persisted and could not be removed till the end, he added.

Muslim’s role in the society

He, however, regretted that Muslims are not playing the role which they were supposed to play in the society. They were supposed to be the torch bearers of the society. But, sadly, they are concerned merely with their own issues, he added. Mr Burney is of the opinion that a reform movement is very much necessary within the Muslim society.

Background

Mr. Ajlal Ahmed Khan Burney was born in the year 1955 in the village Narayanpur, Tehsil Dibaee, District Buland Shahar, UP, India. His father Mr. Iqbal Mohammad Khan was a prominent land lord of the area whose elder brother Maulana Fateh Mohammad Khan was manger of two Muslim colleges of the area, the S.Y.M. Inter College and Mukarram Inter College.

Mr. Burney belongs to the Rajput Muslims known as the Lal Khani Rajputs, who are concentrated in Narayanpur and the adjoining rural areas of Pahasu, Chattari, Dharampur, Danpur, Anuana and Pandrawal. All of these were princely states in the British period. All these Rajputs are related to each other by blood and had great respect and power during the pre- Mughal, Mughal and British periods. They are still prominent in their area and have a say in the political affairs.

Mr. Burney had four other brothers and one sister. His eldest brother was principal of the above mentioned S.Y.M. Inter College. The second brother was a teacher, whose son is the son – in- law of Mr. Burney. Mr. Burney is the third of the five brothers. The fourth brother is an engineer. The fifth brother, Mr. Zakir Hasan Khan, was a teacher and a poet who developed heart disease and expired in the year 2008. Mr. Zakir wrote a lot of Urdu poetry. He was in the process of compiling his work, but became seriously sick and could not complete the task. It is the desire of the family of Mr. Burney to publish the literary work of Zakir Hasan Khan.

Mr. Burney passed LLB from the AMU Aligarh in the year 1978. He started legal practice in Buland Shahr and shifted to Noida in the year 1991. While in the university Mr. Burney was always active in the student politics. When he came to Noida he joined the Bahujan Samaj Party (B.S.P.) but left it when the party formed coalition government in UP with the help of the Bhartiya Janata Party (B.J.P.). Later he joined the Samajwadi Party. He is president of the Minority Advocate Cell of the Samajwadi Party of Noida.

In Noida, Mr. Burney established Muslim Welfare Trust Society and became its president. The society is active in its field. This society published the telephone directory of the Muslim residents of Noida twice and regularly holds various cultural and religious programs.

Mr. Burney has two sons and one daughter. The eldest son Mr. Bilal Ahmed Burney is in business and active in politics and the younger son is working in an MNC. The daughter has been married to his nephew.http://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif
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He went to perform Hajj along with his wife in the year 2010.

By:http://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif
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Iqbal Amrohi

September 11, 2011

Important Links:
Ajlal Ahmed Khan Burney
Muslim Heritage
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Muslim scientists

2009-04-10T09:17:00.000-07:00

Dr. C. M. Habibullah

Eminent GastroenterologistsDr. C. M. Habibullah is known as one of the most eminent Gastroenterologists of the country. He is presently Dean of the Decccan Medical College and Director of Owesi Medical and Research Center located in Hyderabad. Formerly Professor and Head of the Department of Gastroenterology at the Osmania Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. He is also Chairman, Academic Committee, All India Institute of Medical Sciences(AIIMS), New Delhi and president, National Association of Liver Study Group. Son of Mr. Ahmed Hussain, he was born on 12th October, 1936 at Chittor(Andhra Pradesh). He took his early education from Chennai. Afterwards, he did his MBBS from Guntur Medical College in 1958 and was awarded Gold Medals in Pathology and Surgery. He was awarded M.D.(General Medicine) in 1963 and D.M.(Gastroenterology) in 1972. Afterwards, he worked in a number of Hospitals and Medical Colleges in different parts of the country. He is associated with a number of institutions. He is a fellow of National Academy of Medical Sciences, American College of Gastroenterology, and International College of Angiology and also elected member of the Academy of Medical Sciences(Gastroenterology) of the former USSR and nominated member of National Board of Examination and AIIMS. More than 80 major research papers by him have appeared in scientific journals. More than 106 papers have been presented by him at national and international conferences. His current interest is in liver cell transplantation therapy in cases of acute liver failure and vaccine action program in viral hepatitis cases. Several scholars have obtained M.D., D.M., and Ph.D. degrees under his guidance and many research projects have been completed. Besides, new drug trials have also been done. He has two children lives in Hyderabad.

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Muslim Scientists

2009-04-10T09:16:00.001-07:00

Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abdallah Ibn Idris al-Qurtubi al-Hasani

Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abdallah Ibn Idris al-Qurtubi al-Hasani, was bom in Ceuta, Spain, in 1099 A.D. He was educated in Cordova. Later he travelled far and wide in connection with his studies and then flourished at the Norman court in Palermo. The date of his death is controversial, being either 1166 or 1180 A.D.Biographical notes on him are to be found rathe rararely, and according to F. Pons Boigues the underlying reason is the fact that the Arab biographers considered al-Idrisi to be a renegade, since he had been associated with the court of a Christian king and written in praise of him, in his work. The circumstances which led him to settle in Sicily at the court of Roger II are not on record.His major contribution lies in medicinal plants as presented in his several books, specially Kitab al-Jami-li-Sifat Ashtat al-Nabatat . He studied and reviewed all the literature on the subject of medicinal plants and formed the opinion that very little original material had been added to this branch of knowledge since the early Greek work. He, therefore, collected plants and data not reported earlier and added this to the subject of botany, with special reference to medicinal plants. Thus, a large number of new drugs plants together with their evaluation became available to the medical practitioners. He has given the names of the drugs in six languages: Syriac, Greek, Persian, Hindi, Latin and Berber.In addition to the above, he made original contributions to geography, especially as related to economics, physical factors and cultural aspects. He made a planishere in silver for King Roger II, and described the world in Al-Kitab al-Rujari (Roger's Book), also entitled Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq (The delight of him who desires to journey through the climates). This is practically a geographical encyclopaedia of the time, containing information not only on Asia and Africa, but also Western countries.Al-Idrisi, later on, also compiled another geographical encyclo- paedia, larger than the former entitled Rawd-Unnas wa-Nuzhat al-Nafs (Pleasure of men and delight of souls) also known as Kitab al- Mamalik wa al-Masalik .Apart from botany and geography, Idrisi also wrote on fauna, zoology and therapeutical aspects. His work was soon translated into Latin and, especially, his books on geography remained popular both in the East and the West for several centuries.

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Muslim Scientists

2009-04-10T09:14:00.000-07:00

Abu al-Hasan Ali Bin Sahl Rabban al-Tabari

This accomplished Hakim was the tutor of the unparalleled physician Zakariya al-Razi . Luck favoured the disciple more than the teacher in terms of celebrity. As compared to Razi people know very little about his teacher Ali.Ali Bin Rabban's surname was Abu al-Hasan, the full name being Abu al-Hasan Ali Bin Sahl Rabban al-Tabari. Born in 838 A.D. his father Sahl hailed from a respectable Jew family. The nobility and sympathy inherent in his very nature soon endeared him to his countrymen so much so that they used to call him Rabban which implies "my leader".Professionally Sahl was an extremely successful physician. He had command over the art of calligraphy too. Besides he had a deep insight into the disciplines of Astronomy, Philosophy, Mathematics and Literature. Some complicated articles of Batlemus's book al-Mijasti came to be resolved by way of Sahl's scholarly expertise, translators preceding him had failed to solve the mystery.Ali received his education in the disciplines of Medical science and calligraphy from his able father Sahl and attained perfection in these fields. He had also mastered Syriac and Greek languages to a high degree of proficiency.Ali hailed from a Israelite family. Since he had embraced Islam, he is classified amongst Muslirn Scholars. This family belonged to Tabristan's famous city Marv.The fame acquired by Ali Bin Rabban did not simply account for the reason that a physician of the stature of Zakariya al-Razi was amongst his disciple. In fact the main cause behind his exalta- tion lies in his world-renowned treatise Firdous al-Hikmat .Spread over seven parts, Firdous al-Hikmat is the first ever Medical encyclopaedia which incorporates all the branches of medical science in its folds. This work has been published in this century (20th century) only. Prior to this publication only five of his manuscripts were to be found scattered in libraries the world over. Dr. Mohammed Zubair Siddiqui compared and edited the manuscripts. In his preface he has provided extremely useful informa- tion regarding the book and the author and, wherever felt necessary, explanatory notes have been written to facilitate publication of this work on modern publishing standards.Later on this unique work was published with the cooperation of English and German institutions. Following are the details of its all seven parts:1. Part one : Kulliyat-e-Tibb . This part throws light on contempo- rary ideology of medical science. In that era these principles formed the basis of medical science.Part two : Elucidation of the organs of the human body, rules for keeping good health and comprehensive account of certain muscular diseases.Part three : Description of diet to be taken in conditions of health and disease.Part four : All diseases right from head to toe. This part is of profound significance in the whole book and comprises twelve papers:General causes relating to eruption of diseases.Diseases of the head and the brain.Diseases relating to the eye, nose, ear, mouth and the teeth.Muscular diseases (paralysis and spasm).Diseases of the regions of the chest, throat and the lungs.Diseases of the abdomen.Diseases of the liver.Diseases of gallbladder and spleen.Intesti- nal diseases.Different kinds of fever.Miscellaneous diseases--Brief explanation of organs of the body.Exami- nation of pulse and urine. This part is the largest in the book and is almost half the size of the whole book.Part five : Description of flavour, taste and colour.Part six : Drugs and poison.Part seven : Deals with diverse topics. Discusses climate and astronomy. Also contains a brief mention of Indian medicine.Though he wrote Firdous al-Hikmat in Arabic but he simultaneously translated it into Syriac. He has two more compilations to his credit namely Deen-o-Doulat and Hifdh al-Sehhat . The latter is available in manuscript-form in the library of Oxford University. Besides Medical science, he was also a master of Philosophy, Mathe- matics and Astronomy. He breathed his last around 870 A.D.

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Muslim Scientists

2009-04-10T09:12:00.000-07:00

Abul Wafa Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Yahya Ibn Ismail al-Buzjani

Abul Wafa Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Yahya Ibn Ismail al-Buzjani was born in Buzjan, Nishapur in 940 A.D. He flourished as a great mathematician and astronomer at Baghdad and died in 997/998 A.D. He learnt mathematics in Baghdad. In 959 A.D. he migrated to Iraq and lived there till his death.Abul Wafa's main contribution lies in several branches of mathematics, especially geometry and trigonometry. In geometry his contribution comprises solution of geometrical problems with opening of the compass; construction of a square equivalent to other squares; regular polyhedra; construction of regular hectagon taking for its side half the side of the equilateral triangle inscribed in the same circle; constructions of parabola by points and geometri- cal solution of the equations:x 4 = a and x 4 + ax 3 = bAbul Wafa's contribution to the development of trigonometry was extensive. He was the first to show the generality of the sine theorem relative to spherical triangles. He developed a new method of constructing sine tables, the value of sin 30' being correct to the eighth decimal place. He also developed relations for sine (a+b) and the formula:2 sin 2 (a/2) = 1 - cos a , and sin a = 2 sin (a/2) cos (a/2)In addition, he made a special study of the tangent and calcula- ted a table of tangents. He introduced the secant and cosecant for the first time , knew the relations between the trigonometric lines, which are now used to define them, and undertook extensive studies on conics.Apart from being a mathematician, Abul Wafa also contributed to astronomy. In this field he discussed different movernents of the moon, and discovered 'variation'. He was also one of the last Arabic translators and commentators of Greek works.He wrote a large number of books on mathematics and other subjects, most of which have been lost or exist in modified forms. His contribution includes Kitab 'Ilm al-Hisab , a practical book of arithmetic, al-Kitab al-Kamil (the Complete Book), Kitab al-Handsa (Applied Geometry). Apart from this, he wrote rich commentaries on Euclid, Diophantos and al-Khawarizmi , but all of these have been lost. His books now extant include Kitab 'Ilm al-Hisab , Kitab al- Handsa and Kitab al-Kamil .His astronomical knowledge on the movements of the moon has been criticized in that, in the case of 'variation' the third inequality of the moon as he discussed was the second part of the 'evection'. But, according to Sedat, what he discovered was the same that was discovered by Tycho Brache six centuries later. Nonethe- less, his contribution to trigonometry was extremely significant in that he developed the knowledge on the tangent and introduced the secant and cosecant for the first time; in fact a sizeable part of today's trigonometry can be traced back to him.

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Muslim Scientists

2009-04-10T09:10:00.000-07:00

Abu Raihan Mohammad Ibn Ahmad al-Biruni
Abu Raihan Mohammad Ibn Ahmad al-Biruni was one of the well-known figures associated with the court of King Mahmood Ghaznawi, who was one of the famous Muslim kings of the 11th century A.D. Al-Biruni was a versatile scholar and scientist who had equal facility in physics, metaphysics, mathematics, geography and history. Born in the city of Kheva near "Ural" in 973 A.D., he was a contemporary of the well-known physician Ibn Sina. At an early age, the fame of his scholarship went around and when Sultan Mahmood Ghaznawi conquered his homeland, he took al-Biruni along with him in his journeys to India several times and thus he had the opportunity to travel all over India during a period of 20 years. He learnt Hindu philosophy, mathematics, geography and religion from thre Pandits to whom he taught Greek and Arabic science and philosophy. He died in 1048 A.D. at the age of 75, after having spent 40 years in thus gathering knowledge and making his own original contributions to it.He recorded observations of his travels through India in his well-known book Kitab al-Hind which gives a graphic account of the historical and social conditions of the sub-continent. At the end of this book he makes a mention of having translated two Sanskrit books into Arabic, one called Sakaya , which deals with the creation of things and their types, and the second, Patanjal dealing with what happens after the spirit leaves the body. His descriptions of India were so complete that even the Aein-i-Akbari written by Abu-al- Fadal during the reign of Akbar, 600 years later, owes a great deal to al-Biruni's book. He observed that the Indus valley must be considered as an ancient sea basin filled up with alluvials.On his return from India, al-Biruni wrote his famous book Qanun-i Masoodi ( al-Qanun al-Masudi, fi al-Hai'a wa al-Nujum ), which he dedicated to Sultan Masood. The book discusses several theorems of astronomy, trigonometry, solar, lunar, and planetary motions and relative topics. In another well-known book al-Athar al-Baqia , he has attempted a connected account of ancient history of nations and the related geographical knowledge. In this book, he has discussed the rotation of the earth and has given correct values of latitudes and longitudes of various places. He has also made considerable contribution to several aspects of physical and economic geography in this book.His other scientific contributions include the accurate determination of the densities of 18 different stones. He also wrote the Kitab-al-Saidana , which is an extensive materia medica that combines the then existing Arabic knowledge on the subject with the Indian medicine. His book the Kitab-al-Jamahir deals with the properties of various precious stones. He was also an astrologer and is reputed to have astonished people by the accuracy of his predictions. He gave a clear account of Hindu numerals, elaborating the principle of position. Summation of a geometric progression appropos of the chess game led to the number:16 16° - 1 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,619.He developed a method for trisection of angle and other problems which cannot be solved with a ruler and a compass alone. Al-Biruni discussed, centuries before the rest of the world, the question whether the earth rotates around its axis or not. He was the first to undertake experiments related to astronomical phenomena. His scientific method, taken together with that of other Muslim scien- tists, such as Ibn al-Haitham , laid down the early foundation of modern science. He ascertained that as compared with the speed of sound the speed of light is immense. He explained the working of natural springs and artesian wells by the hydrostatic principle of communicating vessels. His investigations included description of various monstrosities, including that known as "Siamese" twins. He observed that flowers have 3,4,5,6, or 18 petals, but never 7 or 9.He wrote a number of books and treatises. Apart from Kitab-al- Hind (History and Geography of India), al-Qanun al-Masudi (Astro- nomy, Trigonometry), al-Athar al-Baqia (Ancient History and Geography), Kitab al-Saidana (Materia Medica) and Kitab al-Jawahir (Precious Stones) as mentioned above, his book al-Tafhim-li-Awail Sina'at al-Tanjim gives a summary of mathematics and astronomy.He has been considered as one of the very greatest scientists of Islam, and, all considered, one of the greatest of all times. His critical spirit, love of truth, and scientific approach were combined with a sense of toleration. His enthusiasm for knowledge may be judged from his claim that the phrase Allah is Omniscient does not justify ignorance .

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2009-04-05T07:30:00.000-07:00

Abu Hamid Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad al-Tusi al-Shafi'i al-Ghazali
Abu Hamid Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad al-Tusi al-Shafi'i al-Ghazali was born in 1058 A.D. in Khorasan, Iran. His father died while he was still very young but he had the opportunity of getting education in the prevalent curriculum at Nishapur and Baghdad. Soon he acquired a high standard of scholarship in religion and philosophy and was honoured by his appointment as a Professor at the Nizamiyah University of Baghdad, which was recognised as one of the most reputed institutions of learning in the golden era of Muslim history.After a few years, however, he gave up his academic pursuits and worldly interests and became a wandering ascetic. This was a process (period) of mystical transformation. Later, he resumed his teaching duties, but again left these. An era of solitary life, devoted to contemplation and writing then ensued, which led to the author- ship of a number of everlasting books. He died in 1128 A.D. at Baghdad.Ghazali's major contribution lies in religion, philosophy and sufism. A number of Muslim philosophers had been following and developing several viewpoints of Greek philosophy, including the Neoplatonic philosophy, and this was leading to conflict with several Islamic teachings. On the other hand, the movement of sufism was assuming such excessive proportions as to avoid observance of obligatory prayers and duties of Islam. Based on his unquestionable scholarship and personal mystical experience, Ghazali sought to rectify these trends, both in philosophy and sufism.In philosophy, Ghazali upheld the approach of mathematics and exact sciences as essentially correct. However, he adopted the techniques of Aristotelian logic and the Neoplatonic procedures and employed these very tools to lay bare the flaws and lacunas of the then prevalent Neoplatonic philosophy and to diminish the negative influences of Aristotelianism and excessive rationalism. In contrast to some of the Muslim philosophers, e.g., Farabi , he portrayed the inability of reason to comprehend the absolute and the infinite . Reason could not transcend the finite and was limited to the observa- tion of the relative. Also, several Muslim philosophers had held that the universe was finite in space but infinite in time. Ghazali argued that an infinite time was related to an infinite space. With his clarity of thought and force of argument, he was able to create a balance between religion and reason, and identified their respective spheres as being the infinite and the finite, respectively.In religion, particularly mysticism, he cleansed the approach of sufism of its excesses and reestablished the authority of the ortho- dox religion. Yet, he stressed the importance of genuine sufism, which he maintained was the path to attain the absolute truth.He was a prolific writer. His immortal books include Tuhafut al-Falasifa (The Incoherence of the Philosophers), Ihya al-'Ulum al-Islamia (The Rivival of the Religious Sciences), "The Beginning of Guidance and his Autobiography", "Deliverance from Error". Some of his works were translated into European languages in the Middle Ages. He also wrote a summary of astronomy.Ghazali's influence was deep and everlasting. He is one of the greatest theologians of Islam. His theological doctrines penetrated Europe, influenced Jewish and Christian Scholasticism and several of his arguments seem to have been adopted by St. Thomas Aquinas in order to similarly reestablish the authority of orthodox Christian religion in the West. So forceful was his argument in the favour of religion that he was accused of damaging the cause of philosophy and, in the Muslim Spain, Ibn Rushd (Averros) wrote a rejoinder to his Tuhafut.

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2009-04-05T07:25:00.000-07:00

Abu Nasr Mohammad Ibn al-Farakh al-Farabi

Abu Nasr Mohammad Ibn al-Farakh al-Farabi was born in a small village Wasij, near Farab in Turkistan in 259 A.H. (870 A.D.). His parents were originally of Persian descent, but his ancestors had migrated to Turkistan. Known as al-Phrarabius in Europe, Farabi was the son of a general. He completed his earlier education at Farab and Bukhara but, later on, he went to Baghdad for higher studies, where he studied and worked for a long time viz., from 901 A.D. to 942 A.D. During this period he acquired mastery over several languages as well as various branches of knowledge and technology. He lived through the reign of six Abbasid Caliphs. As a philosopher and scientist, he acquired great proficiency in various branches of learning and is reported to have been an expert in different languages.Farabi travelled to many distant lands and studied for some time in Damascus and Egypt, but repeatedly came back to Baghdad, until he visited Saif al-Daula's court in Halab (Allepo). He became one of the constant companions of the King, and it was here at Halab that his fame spread far and wide. During his early years he was a Qadi (Judge), but later on the took up teaching as his profession. During the course of his career, he had suffered great hardships and at one time was the caretaker of a garden. He died a bachelor in Damascus in 339 A.H./950 A.D. at the age of 80 years.Farabi contributed considerably to science, philosophy, logic, sociology, medicine, mathematics and music. His major contributions seem to be in philosophy, logic and sociology and, of course, stands out as an Encyclopedist. As a philosopher, he may be classed as a Neoplatonist who tried to synthesize Platonism and Aristotelism with theology and he wrote such rich commentaries on Aristotle's physics, meteorology, logic, etc., in addition to a large number of books on several other subjects embodying his original contribution, that he came to be known as the 'Second Teacher' ( al-Mou'allim al-Thani ) Aristotle being the First. One of the important contribu- tions of Farabi was to make the study of logic more easy by dividing it into two categories viz., Takhayyul (idea) and Thubut (proof).In sociology he wrote several books out of which Ara Ahl al-Madina al-Fadila became famous. His books on psychology and metaphysics were largely based on his own work. He also wrote a book on music, captioned Kitab al-Musiqa . He was a great expert in the art and science of music and invented several musical instru- ments, besides contributing to the knowledge of musical notes. It has been reported that he could play his instrument so well as to make people laugh or weep at will. In physics he demonstrated the existence of void.Although many of his books have been lost, 117 are known, out of which 43 are on logic, 11 on metaphysics, 7 on ethics, 7 on political science, 17 on music, medicine and sociology, while 11 are commentaries. Some of his more famous books include the book Fusus al-Hikam , which remained a text book of philosophy for several centuries at various centres of learning and is still taught at some of the institutions in the East. The book Kitab al-lhsa al 'Ulum discusses classification and fundamental principles of science in a unique and useful manner. The book Ara Ahl al-Madina al- Fadila 'The Model City' is a significant early contribution to socio- logy snd political science.Farabi exercised great influence on science and knowledge for several centuries. Unfortunately, the book Theology of Aristotle , as was available to him at that time was regarded by him as genuine, although later on it turned out to be the work of some Neoplatonic writer. Despite this, he was regarded the Second Teacher in philosophy for centuries and his work, aimed at synthesis of philosophy and sufism, paved the way for Ibn Sina 's work.

Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi

Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi (known in the west as Abulcasis) was born in 936 A.D. in Zahra in the neighbour- hood of Cordova. He became one of the most renowned surgeons of the Muslim era and was physician to King Al-Hakam-II of Spain. After a long medical career, rich with significant original contribu- tion, he died in 1013 A.D.He is best known for his early and original breakthroughs in surgery as well as for his famous Medical Ecyclopaedia called Al-Tasrif , which is composed of thirty volumes covering different aspects of medical science. The more important part of this series comprises three books on surgery, which describe in detail various aspects of surgical treatment as based on the operations performed by him, including cauterization, removal of stone from the bladder, dissection of animals, midwifery, stypics, and surgery of eye, ear and throat. He perfected several delicate operations, including removal of the dead foetus and amputation.Al-Tasrif was first translated by Gherard of Cremona into Latin in the Middle Ages. It was followed by several other editors in Europe. The book contains numerous diagrams and illustrations of surgical instruments, in use or developed by him, and comprised a part of the medical curriculum in European countries for many centuries. Contrary to the view that the Muslims fought shy of surgery, Al-Zahrawi's Al-Tasrif provided a monumental collection for this branch of applied science.Al-Zahrawi was the inventor of several surgical instruments, of which three are notable: (i) an instrument for internal examina- tion of the ear, (ii) an instrument for internal inspection of the urethra, and (iii) and instrument for applying or removing foreign bodies from the throat. He specialized in curing disease by cauteriza- tion and applied the technique to as many as 50 different operations.In his book Al-Tasrif , Al-Zahrawi has also discussed the prepara- tion of various medicines, in addition to a comprehensive account of surgical treatment in specialized branches, whose modern counter- parts are E.N.T., Ophthalmology, etc. In connection with the preparation of medicines, he has also described in detail the applica- tion of such techniques as sublimation and decantation. Al-Zahrawi was also an expert in dentistry, and his book contains sketches of various instruments used thereof, in addition to a description of various important dental operations. He discussed the problem of non-aligned or deformed teeth and how to rectify these defects. He developed the technique of preparing artificial teeth and of replacement of defective teeth by these. In medicine, he was the first to describe in detail the unusual disease, haemophelia.There can be no doubt that Al-Zahrawi influenced the field of medicine and surgery very deeply and the principles laid down by him were recognized as authentic in medical science, especially surgery, and these continued to influence the medical world for five centuries. According to Dr. Cambell ( History of Arab Medicine ), his principles of medical science surpassed those of Galen in the European medical curriculum.

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2009-04-05T07:24:00.000-07:00

Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham

Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham was one of the most eminent physicists, whose contributions to optics and the scientific methods are outstanding. Known in the West as Alhazen, Ibn al-Haitham was born in 965 A.D. in Basrah, and was educated in Basrah and Baghdad. Thereafter, he went to Egypt, where he was asked to find ways of controlling the flood of the Nile. Being unsuccessful in this, he feigned madness until the death of Caliph al-Hakim. He also travelled to Spain and, during this period, he had ample time for his scientific pursuits, which included optics, mathematics, physics, medicine and development of scientific methods on each of which he has left several outstanding books.He made a thorough examination of the passage of light through various media and discovered the laws of refraction. He also carried out the first experiments on the dispersion of light into its constituent colours. His book Kitab-al-Manadhir was translated into Latin in the Middle Ages, as also his book dealing with the colours of sunset. He dealt at length with the theory of various physical phenomena like shadows, eclipses, the rainbow, and speculated on the physical nature of light. He is the first to describe accurately the various parts of the eye and give a scientific explanation of the process of vision. He also attempted to explain binocular vision, and gave a correct explanation of the apparent increase in size of the sun and the moon when near the horizon. He is known for the earliest use of the camera obscura. He contradicted Ptolemy's and Euclid's theory of vision that objects are seen by rays of light emanating from the eyes; according to him the rays originate in the object of vision and not in the eye. Through these extensive researches on optics, he has been considered as the father of modern Optics.The Latin translation of his main work, Kitab-al-Manadhir , exerted a great influence upon Western science e.g. on the work of Roger Bacon and Kepler. It brought about a great progress in experimental methods. His research in catoptrics centred on spherical and parabolic mirrors and spherical aberration. He made the important observation that the ratio between the angle of incidence and refraction does not remain constant and investigated the magnifying power of a lens. His catoptrics contain the important problem known as Alhazen's problem. It comprises drawing lines from two points in the plane of a circle meeting at a point on the circumference and making equal angles with the norrnal at that point. This leads to an equation of the fourth degree.In his book Mizan al-Hikmah Ibn al-Haitham has discussed the density of the atmosphere and developed a relation between it and the height. He also studied atmospheric refraction. He discovered that the twilight only ceases or begins when the sun is 19° below the horizon and attempted to measure the height of the atmosphere on that basis. He has also discussed the theories of attraction between masses, and it seems that he was aware of the magnitude of acceleration due to gravity.His contribution to mathematics and physics was extensive. In mathematics, he developed analytical geometry by establishing linkage between algebra and geometry. He studied the mechanics of motion of a body and was the first to maintain that a body moves perpetually unless an external force stops it or changes its direction of motion. This would seem equivalent to the first law of motion.The list of his books runs to 200 or so, very few of which have survived. Even his monumental treatise on optics survived through its Latin translation. During the Middle Ages his books on cosmology were translated into Latin, Hebrew and other languages. He has also written on the subject of evolution a book that deserves serious attention even today.In his writing, one can see a clear development of the scientific methods as developed and applied by the Muslims and comprising the systematic observation of physical phenomena and their linking together into a scientific theory. This was a major breakthrough in scientific methodology, as distinct from guess and gesture, and placed scientific pursuits on a sound foundation comprising systematic relationship between observation, hypothesis and verification.Ibn al-Haitham's influence on physical sciences in general, and optics in particular, has been held in high esteem and, in fact, it ushered in a new era in optical research, both in theory and practice.

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2009-04-05T07:22:00.000-07:00

Abul Hasan Ali Ibn Husain Ibn Ali Al-Masu'di

Abul Hasan Ali Ibn Husain Ibn Ali Al-Masu'di was a descen- dant of Abdallah Ibn Masu'd, a companion of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him). An expert geographer, a physicist and historian, Masu'di was born in the last decade of the 9th century A.D., his exact date of birth being unknown. He was a Mutazilite Arab, who explored distant lands and died at Cairo, in 957 A.D.He travelled to Fars in 915 A.D. and, after staying for one year in Istikhar, he proceeded via Baghdad to India, where he visited Multan and Mansoora before returning to Fars. From there he travelled to Kirman and then again to India. Mansoora in those days was a city of great renown and was the capital of the Muslim state of Sind. Around it, there were many settlements/townships of new converts to Islam. In 918 A.D., Masu'di travelled to Gujrat, where more than 10,000 Arab Muslims had settled in the sea-port of Chamoor. He also travelled to Deccan, Ceylon, Indo-China and China, and proceeded via Madagascar, Zanjibar and Oman to Basra.At Basra he completed his book Muruj-al-Thahab , in which he has described in a most absorbing manner his experience of various countries, peoples and climates. He gives accounts of his personal contacts with the Jews, Iranians, Indians and Christians. From Basra he moved to Syria and from there to Cairo, where he wrote his second extensive book Muruj al-Zaman in thirty volumes. In this book he has described in detail the geography and history of the countries that he had visited. His first book was completed in 947 A.D. He also prepared a supplement, called Kitab al-Ausat , in which he has compiled historical events chronologically. In 957 A.D., the year of his death, he completed his last book Kitab al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf , in which he has given a summary of his earlier book as well as an errata.Masu'di is referred to as the Herodotus and Pliny of the Arabs. By presenting a critical account of historical events, he initiated a change in the art of historical writing, introducing the elements of analysis, reflection and criticism, which was later on further improved by Ibn Khaldun . In particular, in al-Tanbeeh he makes a systematic study of history against a perspective of geography, sociology, anthropology and ecology. Masu'di had a deep insight into the causes of rise and fall of nations.With his scientific and analytical approach he has given an account of the causes of the earthquake of 955 A.D., as well as the discussions of the water of the Red Sea and other problems in the earth sciences. He is the first author to make mention of windmills, which were invented by the Muslims of Sijistan.Masu'di also made important contributions to music and other fields of science. In his book Muruj al-Thahab he provides important information on early Arab music as well as music of other countries . His book Muruj al-Thahab wa al-Ma'adin al-Jawahir (Meadows of Gold and Mines of Precious Stones) has been held as 'remarkable' because of the 'catholicity of its author, who neglected no source of information and of his truly scientific curiosity'. As mentioned above, it was followed by his treatise Muruj al-Zaman . In addition to writing a supplement Kitab al-Ausat , he completed Kitab al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf towards the end of his career. It is, however, unfortunate that, out of his 34 books as mentioned by himself in Al-Tanbih , only three have survived, in addition to Al-Tanbih itself. Some doubts have been expressed about some claims related to his extensive travelling e.g., upto China and Madagascar, but the correct situation cannot be assessed due to the loss of his several books. Whatever he has recorded was with a scientific approach and constituted an important contribution to geography, history and earth sciences. It is interesting to note that he was one of the early scientists who propounded several aspects of evolution viz., from minerals to plant, plant to animal and animal to man. His researches and views extensively influenced the sciences of historiography, geography and earth sciences for several countries.

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2009-04-05T07:00:00.000-07:00

Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan al-Battani al-Harrani

Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan al-Battani al-Harrani was born around 858 A.D. in Harran, and according to one account, in Battan, a State of Harran. Battani was first educated by his father Jabir Ibn San'an al-Battani, who was also a well-known scientist. He then moved to Raqqa, situated on the bank of the Euphrates, where he received advanced education and later on flourished as a scholar. At the beginning of the 9th century, he migrated to Samarra, where he worked till the end of his life in 929 A.D. He was of Sabian origin, but was himself a Muslim.Battani was a famous astronomer, mathematician and astro- loger. He has been held as one of the greatest astronomists of Islam. He is responsible for a number of important discoveries in astronomy, which was the result of a long career of 42 years of research beginning at Raqqa when he was young. His well-known discovery is the remarkably accurate determination of the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds, which is very close to the latest estimates. He found that the longitude of the sun's apogee had increased by 16° , 47' since Ptolemy. This implied the important discovery of the motion of the solar apsides and of a slow variation in the equation of time. He did not believe in the trapidation of the equinoxes, although Copernicus held it.Al-Battani determined with remarkable accuracy the obliquity of the ecliptic, the length of the seasons and the true and mean orbit of the sun.He proved, in sharp contrast to Ptolemy, the variation of the apparent angular diameter of the sun and the possibility of annular eclipses. He rectified several orbits of the moon and the planets and propounded a new and very ingenious theory to determine the conditions of visibility of the new moon. His excellent observa- tions of lunar and solar eclipses were used by Dunthorne in 1749 to determine the secular acceleration of motion of the moon. He also provided very neat solutions by means of orthographic projec- tion for some problems of spherical trigonometry.In mathematics, he was the first to replace the use of Greek chords by sines, with a clear understanding of their superiority.He also developed the concept of cotangent and furnished their table in degrees.He wrote a number of books on astronomy and trigonometry. His most famous book was his astronomical treatise with tables, which was translated into Latin in the 12th century and flourished as De scienta stellerum — De numeris stellerum et motibus . An old translation of this is available of the Vatican. His Zij was, in fact, more accurate than all others written by that time. His treatise on astronomy was extremely influential in Europe till the Renaissance, with translations available in several languages. His original discoveries both in astronomy and trigonometry were of great consequence in the development of these sciences.

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2009-04-05T06:55:00.000-07:00

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: India’s missile man

Dr. Arvul Pakir Jainulabedin Abul Kalam, popularly known as Dr. A.P.J. Abul Kalam, caught national and international attention as "India's Missile Man" with the successful launching of ' Agni' from Chandipur(Orissa) on May 22, 1989. Born in 1931 at Rameshwaram in Tamil Nadu, Dr. Abul Kalam is a DMIT (Diploma from the Madras Institute of Technology) in Aero Engineering. He was awarded a Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) degree (Honoris Causa). He was Director-in-charge of ASL-V mission at Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) before becoming the Director of the Defense Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) which is located in Hyderabad, in Andhra Pradesh. He is a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Dr. Abul Kalam is the brain behind "Agni"; the indigenously developed 17 meter long and 75 ton multiple stage missile with a payload of 1000 kg (kilogram). Its range is anywhere between 1600 km (kilometers) to 2500 km. He was assisted by a 400-strong team of scientists. Due to his team's efforts, India overcame the stipulations made by the seven Western Countries' Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) to deny missile technology to the third world countries. According to the eminent space scientist, "our indigenous missile technology is comparable to the best in the East or the West with its re-entry technology guidance and control technology with on-board computers." Dr. APJ Abul Kalam, who hails from Tamil Nadu, worked on projects such as 'Prithvi', etc. at the DRDL in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. For his contributions to India's Missile Program and the successful detonation of Nuclear Weapons in May 1998, he was appointed as Advisor to the Defense Minister and subsequently awarded "Bharat Ratna" the highest civilian award by the Government of India. He rose to become the President of the Republic of India in the year 2002.

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